Creating icon from image by coreldraw 12

for creating icon from any image follow these steps:-

       * open corel draw 12

            * go to file menu and select import option (ctrl+I)

   

         *  select your  image form pc and import it.
   

       * now draw your picture  
    

          *go to 

         file menu--> export option

      *now change save as type to .ico format

   

* click on export button 

* select save location to desktop. press enter

now for applying this newly created icon to 

any folder 

*open property of folder

* select customize menu

*now click on change icon button

* browse button 

*select your icon

*press open

*apply

HOW TO CREATE A FOLDER WITHOUT NAME*

HERE ARE SOME TRICKS FOR CREATING FOLDERS WITHOUT NAME :-\

1.METHOD

  

  TO CREATE A FOLDER WITHOUT NAME 
  
  PRESS CTRL + SHIFT + N (FOR NEW FOLDER).
  
  PRESS (F2) FOR RENAMING.
 
  HOLD DOWN (ALT) KEY  FROM KEYBOARD AND TYPE 255 FROM    
  NUMBER PAD OF YOUR KEYBOARD.

   NOW PRESS ENTER .

2.METHOD

  

  TO CREATE A FOLDER WITHOUT NAME 

  

  PRESS CTRL + SHIFT + N(FOR NEW FOLDER).

  

  PRESS (F2) FOR RENAMING.

 

  HOLD DOWN (ALT) KEY  FROM KEYBOARD AND TYPE 0160 FROM    

  NUMBER PAD OF YOUR KEYBOARD.

   NOW PRESS ENTER .

1.METHOD

  

  TO CREATE A FOLDER WITHOUT NAME 

  

  PRESS CTRL + SHIFT + N(FOR NEW FOLDER).

  

  PRESS (F2) FOR RENAMING.

 

  HOLD DOWN (ALT) KEY  FROM KEYBOARD AND TYPE 999999999 FROM    

  NUMBER PAD OF YOUR KEYBOARD.

   NOW PRESS ENTER .

 NOTE :- CTRL + SHIFT + N WILL HELP ONLY IN WIN 7 FOR CREATING     

  FOLDER WITHOUT NAME.

   FOR XP  RIGHT CLICK --> NEW--> FOLDER.

File Systems and Disk Letters

File Systems and Disk Letters

Disk file systems[edit]

A disk file system takes advantages of the ability of disk storage media to randomly address data in a short amount of time. Additional considerations include the speed of accessing data following that initially requested and the anticipation that the following data may also be requested. This permits multiple users (or processes) access to various data on the disk without regard to the sequential location of the data. Examples include FAT (FAT12, FAT16, FAT32), exFAT, NTFS, HFS and HFS+, HPFS, UFS, ext2, ext3, ext4,XFS, btrfs, ISO 9660, Files-11, Veritas File System, VMFS, ZFS, ReiserFS and UDF. Some disk file systems are journaling file systems or versioning file systems.

Optical discs[edit]

ISO 9660 and Universal Disk Format (UDF) are two common formats that target Compact Discs, DVDs and Blu-ray discs. Mount Rainier is an extension to UDF supported by Linux 2.6 series and Windows Vista that facilitates rewriting to DVDs.

Flash file systems[edit]

Main article: Flash file system

A flash file system considers the special abilities, performance and restrictions of flash memory devices. Frequently a disk file system can use a flash memory device as the underlying storage media but it is much better to use a file system specifically designed for a flash device.

Tape file systems[edit]

A tape file system is a file system and tape format designed to store files on tape in a self-describing form. Magnetic tapes are sequential storage media with significantly longer random data access times than disks, posing challenges to the creation and efficient management of a general-purpose file system.

In a disk file system there is typically a master file directory, and a map of used and free data regions. Any file additions, changes, or removals require updating the directory and the used/free maps. Random access to data regions is measured in milliseconds so this system works well for disks.

Tape requires linear motion to wind and unwind potentially very long reels of media. This tape motion may take several seconds to several minutes to move the read/write head from one end of the tape to the other.

Database file systems[edit]

Another concept for file management is the idea of a database-based file system. Instead of, or in addition to, hierarchical structured management, files are identified by their characteristics, like type of file, topic, author, or similar rich metadata.^[4]

IBM DB2 for i ^[5] (formerly known as DB2/400 and DB2 for i5/OS) is a database file system as part of the object based IBM i ^[6] operating system (formerly known as OS/400 and i5/OS), incorporating a single level store and running on IBM Power Systems (formerly known as AS/400 and iSeries), designed by Frank G. Soltis IBM's former chief scientist for IBM i. Around 1978 to 1988 Frank G. Soltis and his team at IBM Rochester have successfully designed and applied technologies like the database file system where others like Microsoft later failed to accomplish.^[7] These technologies are informally known as 'Fortress Rochester' and were in few basic aspects extended from early Mainframe technologies but in many ways more advanced from a technology perspective.

Transactional file systems[edit]

Some programs need to update multiple files "all at once". For example, a software installation may write program binaries, libraries, and configuration files. If the software installation fails, the program may be unusable. If the installation is upgrading a key system utility, such as the command shell, the entire system may be left in an unusable state.

Network file systems[edit]

Main article: Distributed file system

A network file system is a file system that acts as a client for a remote file access protocol, providing access to files on a server. Examples of network file systems include clients for the NFS, AFS, SMB protocols, and file-system-like clients for FTP and WebDAV.

Shared disk file systems[edit]

Main article: Shared disk file system

A shared disk file system is one in which a number of machines (usually servers) all have access to the same external disk subsystem (usually a SAN). The file system arbitrates access to that subsystem, preventing write collisions. Examples include GFS2 from Red Hat, GPFS from IBM, SFS from DataPlow, CXFS from SGI and StorNext from Quantum Corporation.

Special file systems [edit]

A special file system presents non-file elements of an operating system as files so they can be acted on using file system APIs. This is most commonly done in Unix-like operating systems, but devices are given file names in some non-Unix-like operating systems as well.

Device file systems [edit]

A device file system represents I/O devices and pseudo-devices as files, called device files. Examples in Unix-like systems include devfs and, in Linux 2.6 systems, udev. In non-Unix-like systems, such as TOPS-10 and other operating systems influenced by it, where the full filename or pathname of a file can include a device prefix, devices other than those containing file systems are referred to by a device prefix specifying the device, without anything following it.

Other special file systems[edit]

·         In the Linux kernel, configfs and sysfs provide files that can be used to query the kernel for information and configure entities in the kernel.

·         procfs maps processes and, on Linux, other operating system structures into a filespace.

Minimal file system / Audio-cassette storage[edit]

The late 1970s saw the development of the microcomputer. Disk and digital tape devices were too expensive for hobbyists. An inexpensive basic data storage system was devised that used common audio cassette tape.

When the system needed to write data, the user was notified to press "RECORD" on the cassette recorder, then press "RETURN" on the keyboard to notify the system that the cassette recorder was recording. The system wrote a sound to provide time synchronization, then modulated sounds that encoded a prefix, the data, a checksum and a suffix. When the system needed to read data, the user was instructed to press "PLAY" on the cassette recorder. 

A system file in computing is a critical computer file without which a computer system may not operate correctly. These files may come as part of the operating system, a third-partydevice driver or other sources. Microsoft Windows and MS-DOS mark their more valuable system files with a "system" attribute to protect them against accidental deletion. (Although the system attribute can be manually put on any arbitrary file, these files do not become system files.)

Specific example of system files include the files with .sys filename extension in MS-DOS and Windows, the System suitcase on Mac OS and the files located in sys, the root folderof the Linux file system, sysfs.

File Systems (FAT, HPFS, NTFS)

At the BIOS level, a disk partition contains sectors numbered 0, 1, etc. Without additional support, each partition would be one large dataset. Operating systems add a directory structure to break the partition up into smaller files, assign names to each file, and manage the free space available to create new files.
The directory structure and methods for organizing a partition is called a File System. Different File Systems reflect different operating system requirements or different performance assumptions. Unix, for example, has the convention that lowercase and uppercase are different in file names, so "sample.txt" and "Sample.txt" are two different files. DOS and the systems that descend from it (Windows 95, OS/2, and Windows NT) ignore case differences when finding file names. Some File Systems work better on small machines, others work better on large servers.
Each partition is assigned a type (in the MBR for primary partitions, in the Extended Partition directory for logical volumes). When the partition is formatted with a particular File System, the partition type will be updated to reflect this choice.
The same hard disk can have partitions with File Systems belonging to DOS, OS/2, NT, and Linux (or other Unix clones). Generally, an operating system will ignore partitions whose type ID represents an unknown file system type. It is fairly easy (given a big enough disk) to install all of the different operating systems and all of the File System types. There are a few rules to make things simple.
Each File System is described in detail in a separate section.

• FAT File System
  The FAT File system is used by DOS and is supported by all the other operating systems. It is simple, reliable, and uses little storage.
• VFAT
  VFAT is an alternate use of the FAT file system available in Windows 95 and Windows NT 3.5. It allows files to have longer names than the "8.3" convention adopted by DOS. VFAT stores extra information in the directory that older DOS and OS/2 systems can ignore.
• HPFS
  HPFS is used by OS/2 and is supported by Windows NT. It provides better performance than FAT on larger disk volumes and supports long file names. However, it requires more memory than FAT and may not be a reasonable choice on systems with only 8 megs of RAM.
• NTFS
  NTFS provides everything. It supports long file names, large volumes, data security, and universal file sharing. A departmental NT file server will probably have all its partitions formatted for NTFS. Because the other operating systems cannot use it, NTFS is less attractive on personal desktop workstations or portables.

image file formats

image file formats are standardized means of organizing and storing digital images. Image files are composed of digital data in one of these formats that can be rasterized for use on a computer display or printer. An image file format may store data in uncompressed, compressed, or vector formats. Once rasterized, an image becomes a grid of pixels, each of which has a number of bits to designate its color equal to the color depth of the device displaying it.

Contents

  [hide] 

·         1 Image file sizes

·         2 Image file compression

·         3 Major graphic file formats

o    3.1 Raster formats

§  3.1.1 JPEG/JFIF

§  3.1.2 JPEG 2000

§  3.1.3 Exif

§  3.1.4 TIFF

§  3.1.5 RAW

§  3.1.6 GIF

§  3.1.7 BMP

§  3.1.8 PNG

§  3.1.9 PPM, PGM, PBM, and PNM

§  3.1.10 WEBP

§  3.1.11 HDR Raster formats

§  3.1.12 Other raster formats

o    3.2 Vector formats

§  3.2.1 CGM

§  3.2.2 Gerber File Format (RS-274X)

§  3.2.3 SVG

§  3.2.4 Other 2D vector formats

§  3.2.5 3D vector formats

o    3.3 Compound formats (see also Metafile)

o    3.4 Stereo formats